His fame in the 1920-30s was so great that Ilf And Petrov The image of a psychiatrist Titanushkin in the Golden calf was sighed from him. It is believed that the prototype of Dr. Stravinsky in the Bulgakov novel “Master and Margarita” is also him.
One of the most famous Russian and Soviet psychiatrists Peter Gannushkin Born 150 years ago, March 8, 1875. It was he who created the so -called small psychiatry and first classified the world of people who are deprived of the ability to compassion, – psychopaths.
Remove chains from mentally ill
Petya Gannushkin grew up as a boy, but ironic. While the classmates were driving to the Salki, he preferred to observe them, paying attention to the dissimilarity of characters and behavior. Compared and analyzed. Watching adults was also interesting – how different they are!
At 13, studying at the gymnasium, he read the work of a physiologist Ivan Sechenov “Reflexes of the brain.” And if now, looking from the 21st century, we know that this book has opened a new era in psychophysiology (Ivan Pavlov He called it the “brilliant wave of Russian scientific thought”), then we can imagine what a strong impression she made on an inquisitive teenager then, in the 1880s.
After graduating from a gymnasium in Ryazan with a gold medal, Gannushkin goes to the capital. He easily enters the medical faculty of Moscow University, and after the third year it is determined with a specialty. The young man attracts psychiatry. At that time, outstanding doctors work at the university, Alexey Kozhevnikov And Sergey Korsakov. Under the leadership of the first, his fellow countryman, Gannushkin is engaged in the department of nervous diseases. And the second becomes his main teacher.
Subsequently, Gannushkin will develop the ideas of Korsakov, who introduced a system of unstress and open doors in our country. This means – a more humane approach to patients, a gradual rejection of realized seats and shirts. This means that a mentally ill person is the same as everyone else suffering from somatic diseases. Indeed, at that time they often did not stand on ceremony with them – they put them on the chain, shackled into shackles …
Only thanks to the humanist psychiatrists, to whom Peter Gannushkin also belonged, the approach began to change: if a person is sick, he must not only treat him, but also improve his content in the clinic. A more humane attitude towards the patient will help to recover. In modern psychiatry, this has become a common place. Sunny shirts are now used in isolated cases.
Accepted 300 people a week
At the beginning of the 20th century, psychiatry was a young and fashionable science. Work is no edge, the tops are the sea. Where is the line between the norm and madness? At what point does a person turn into a mentally ill? After all, this does not happen immediately.
Peter Gannushkin is taken to study the borderline states – pathological characters and psychopathy. And this becomes the main theme of his scientific activity. In it, he succeeded in more than all contemporaries-psychiatrists. The doctor argued that between the mental norm and the disease there is a “famous intermediate area, a certain border strip.” The person is no longer healthy, but still not sick. And if this condition is recognized in time, hand over a person’s hand, it can be saved from the disease. Goodwill and humane attitude affect him better than any drugs. In addition, Gannushkin urged “to be in communication with patients as easier as possible, straighter and more truthful.”
In just four years after graduation, he becomes known in medical circles. It is distinguished by the ability to quickly diagnose. As a boy, he peered at the gymnasium peers and teachers, distinguishing between the nuances of their behavior, so now he peers into the faces of people who come to him, recognizing the approaching mental ailments for some small, barely noticeable movements of the psyche. The glory of the doctor goes throughout Moscow, and thousands of patients seek to take him. He takes up to three hundred per week.
Among the patients, those who cry for whom the same all -around shirt are crying. Someone comes with weapons. And what about Gannushkin? “He went close to them, took his weapons, never boasted with this, considered it a duty to a psychiatrist and said that if he died by the hands of the mentally ill, he would have died at his post and there would be nothing special about it. Saved many patients and their relatives, disarming the sick, ”his wife wrote Sofya Vladimirovna.
The diagnosis of Yesenin
The revolutionary 1917 Gannushkin meets the resident of the Alekseevsky Psychiatric Hospital (in the common people-Kanatchikova cottage). And already in November, he rises at the head of the Russian Union of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists. Together with colleagues, the Soviet government helps to build a healthcare system on new preventive principles.
So, thanks to Gannushkin, new forms of psychiatric care were created – at home, in neuropsychiatric dispensaries. He believed that small psychiatry is much more important than big. After all, it helps people at the first stage of diseases, preventing them from developing to severe manifestations.
The fidelity of this approach is confirmed by a sad fate Sergei Yesenin. He came to the reception to Gannushkin shortly before his death. More precisely, the poet was brought by his last wife, Sophia is fat. I wanted to help my wife cope with addictions. Having examined the patient, the doctor diagnosed the acute psychosis. “It suffers from a severe neuropsychic disease, expressed in severe attacks of mood disorder and in obsessive thoughts and drives. The indicated disease makes gr. Yesenin does not realize the report in the actions committed by him, ”the medical opinion said.
Alas, it was already difficult to help the poet. The self -destruction of the personality went on the growing one and soon led him to the loop in the Angleter issue …
In general, the alarming post -revolutionary years gave rich scientific material to Peter Gannushkin. People who are imagining themselves came to his clinic on a girlish field Lenin, Kerensky, Nikolai II… As a result, he created a classification of psychopathies, which we used until the 1990s until we switched to the international classification of diseases.
Pyotr Gannushkin wrote: “The work of a psychiatrist at the same time is the always, constant work of a public figure.” It seems that it was his life credo.
What is the main merit?
Senior Researcher of the Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry – branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “NMIC Mon named after Serbian” Pavel Ponizovsky:
– The main contribution to psychiatric science from Gannushkin was the teaching of psychopathies formulated by him. It was significantly distinguished among Russian researchers with its attention to studying these borderline conditions.
At the beginning of the 20th century, there were disputes about psychopathies among psychiatrists, which were then understood as congenital personality traits or pathological characters, preventing people from adapting to social norms, establishing and maintaining successful relationships with others. Gannushkin developed an original classification of psychopathies and the concept of their possible changes, which made it one of the founders of the so -called small psychiatry and the doctrine of psychopathies.
Until 1997, Soviet psychiatrists continued to use this classification of psychopathies. And in the future they began to be called personality disorders.
Source: aif.ru